Canadian researchers say they've narrowed down the likely owner of a
                                                                               
dinosaur nest, abandoned on a river's edge 77 million years ago, adding
                                                                               
the discovery offers a unique look at dinosaur reproduction and the
                                                                               
evolution of birds. Scientists from the University of Calgary and Alberta's
                                                                               
Royal Tyrrell Museum say the nest unearthed in northern Montana in the 1990s
                                                                               
likely belonged to one of two types of small, carnivorous dinosaurs. The two
                                                                               
suspects are a ceanagnathid, which looks somewhat like an ostrich, or a small
                                                                               
raptor called a dromaeosaurid. Both are small by dinosaur standards and
                                                                               
related to modern birds. The nest likely held up to a dozen eggs, of which
                                                                               
only fossilized fragments remain. "We think, based on characteristics of the
                                                                               
eggs, that we are probably dealing with a nest from a small raptor but we
                                                                                                  
can't (be) 100 percent sure and rule out the other one," said Francois
                                                                               
Therrien, curator of dinosaur palaeoecology at the Royal Tyrrell and
                                                                               
co-investigator. Nests from meat-eating dinosaurs are extremely rare.
                                                                               
Only one other example has been found in North America, a nest of
                                                                               
67-million-year-old Troodon eggs that was also unearthed in Montana.
                                                                               
Therrien said the latest nest was discovered by commercial fossil hunters and
                                                                               
originally thought to be from a relatively common duck-billed hadrosaur.
                                                                               
Darla Zelenitsky, a University of Calgary paleontologist, realized that the
                                                                               
nest, a raised mound 50 cm (20 inches) across and surrounded by eggs, was
                                                                               
actually from a small meat-eater. Zelenitsky is the lead author of a paper
                                                                               
on the nest, published on Thursday in the journal Paleontology. Therrien said

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根據一份新的研究報告,科學家首次發現一個至少有一億年歷史,
                                                                               
由樹脂包覆,非常完整的海洋微生物有機體的一種野生動物
                                                                               
研究指出,這項在法國南部沙倫特區不經意的發現,
                                                                               
可以回溯至少兩千萬年前,一種被稱為矽藻的單細胞海藻出現在地球上的時期。
                                                                               
它同時也引發外界好奇,
                                                                               
海洋生物如何會被包覆在由樹木分泌的樹脂液滴所形成的琥珀中。
                                                                               
科學家總結最可能的畫面是,生產琥珀的森林非常靠近海邊,
                                                                               
包含原始浮游生物在內的小型有機體,可能是被強風或暴風雨形成的洪水送上內陸。
                                                                               
研究人員在聲明中表示:「這項發現將加深我們對那些消失的海洋物種的了解,        

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去年德國科學家發表的唐代因季風循環改變而衰亡的研究再次獲得佐證。
                                                                               
中美科學家合組的研究團隊近日在《科學》雜誌中表示,
                                                                               
針對甘肅的石灰岩溶洞萬象洞中的石筍的研究顯示,
                                                                               
季風的變遷確實和中國唐、元、明等朝代的衰亡有密切的關係。
                                                                               
據英國廣播公司(BBC)報導,
                                                                               
蘭州大學教授張平中等人和美國明尼蘇達大學合組了一個研究團隊,
                                                                               
對甘肅武都的石灰岩溶洞萬象洞中的石筍進行的調查中發現,
                                                                               
洞內的石筍記錄了一千八百年來亞洲夏季季風的變遷歷史,
                                                                               
而季風的強弱變化恰巧和唐、元、明的興衰密切相關。
                                                                               
萬象洞位於青藏高原東部與黃土高原之間的過渡地區,
                                                                               
臨近亞洲季風的影響邊界,

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科幻經典「科學怪人」中「死而復活」的驚人情節已經不再是小說裡的想像。
                                                                               
日本科學家已成功利用一隻冷凍長達十六年的死亡實驗鼠身上的細胞,
                                                                               
複製出基因一模一樣的複製鼠,牠們也是全球首批以冷凍屍體複製而成的老鼠。
                                                                               
相關研究已於四日發表於「美國國家科學院院刊」電子版。
                                                                               
生物複製技術是將想複製的動物細胞核,植入去核卵子,然後植入代理母體子宮內,
                                                                               
孕育出複製生物。動物死亡冷凍後,細胞會被冰晶嚴重損壞,細胞核也難以取出,
                                                                               
因此生物複製技術的細胞來源,長期以來都是活體或死亡不久的屍體。
                                                                               
日本神戶的理化學研究所再生科學綜合研究中心,由若山照彥所領軍的研究小組,
                                                                               
此次特別選用冷凍死老鼠的腦細胞進行實驗。
                                                                               
因為,他們認為大腦的高脂肪及頭骨能夠有效保護細胞,減少細胞受損的可能性,
                                                                               
最後也成功讓死老鼠「復活」。
                                                                               
自然受精 生下第二代
                                                                               
若山團隊研發出一種特殊的細胞核取出技術,
                                                                               
將冷凍屍體的腦細胞置入獨家研發的培養液中,經過特殊處理後,
                                                                               
成功取出含有DNA的細胞核,隨後再植入母鼠的去核卵子,製成「複製胚胎」。
                                                                               
為確保同樣的實驗能夠重複進行,研究人員進一步培養複製胚胎,
                                                                               
將其製成胚胎幹細胞並取出細胞核後,再度植入去核卵子,隨後將卵子植入母體子宮,
                                                                               
結果終於順利誕生四隻複製鼠。
                                                                               
此外,研究小組也成功利用冷凍一週至三個月的死亡老鼠細胞,複製出老鼠,
                                                                               
還從死亡老鼠冷凍後完全乾燥的細胞,複製出胚胎幹細胞。
                                                                               
由於長毛象等遠古絕種動物屍體歷經凍土數千年至數萬年冰封,
                                                                               
細胞也同樣處於冷凍乾燥狀態,研究人員因此期待此項研究成果,

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美國和英國研究人員昨天指出,一具罕見的1億9000萬年前的未成年恐龍骨骸,
                                                                               
或許有助於解釋一群重要的草食性恐龍何時從肉食性恐龍分支出來。
                                                                               
科學家指出,這具年輕骨骸是一隻年輕的畸齒龍( Heterodontosaurus),
                                                                               
其牙齒結構包括用來撕咬的尖銳犬齒、平坦的臼齒等,
                                                                               
意味著這個年輕生物當時正從肉食性演化成草食性。
                                                                               
在「脊椎動物古生物學期刊」(Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology)
                                                                               
描述這具骨骸特徵的芝加哥大學(University of Chicago)
                                                                               
後博士研究生波洛(Laura Porro)說:
                                                                               
「這個骨骸顯示,這些恐龍仍處於這個演化轉變過程。」
                                                 

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科學家指出,一種存活於3億7500萬年前的罕見魚類頭部有獨特的功能,
                                                                               
為脊椎動物生活在陸地上鋪路。
                                                                               
科學家首次描繪出這種2004年在加拿大北極區發現、
                                                                               
被稱為「會走路的魚」的大型淺水魚Tiktaalik roseae頭骨下方的特色。
                                                                               
這份在「自然」(Nature)期刊發表的報告指出,從水生到陸生動物的演化過程,
                                                                               
比單單是魚鰭演進成腳還要複雜。
                                                                               
科學家指出,這種魚的頭部出現從較原始魚類演進所出現的變化,
                                                                               
這些變化有助於適應陸地環境出現的新的進食和呼吸條件。
                                                                               
就像同時期其他魚類,這種魚也有腮和肺。
                                                                               
其中一名研究員費城(Philadelphia)自然科學會(Academy of Natural Sciences)
                                                                               
的唐斯(Jason Downs)說:

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德國考古學家的最新研究發現,一種五千萬年前生活在英國南部的野鴨,
                                                                               
兩翼展開幅度竟然高達四.八公尺,跟一台房車差不多大,堪稱是「史前巨鴨」。
                                                                               
這種巨鴨被命名為「Dasornis」,
                                                                               
最早是由法蘭克福的森肯貝格研究中心在肯特郡所發現,
                                                                               
報告已刊登在最新一期的「古生物學」期刊上。
                                                                               
研究中心的邁爾博士說,巨鴨具有不少怪異的生物特徵,
                                                                               
除了體型跟小飛機差不多,牠們的喙上還有著尖銳如牙齒般的結構。
                                                                               
邁爾說,許多鳥類在一億年前就已經沒有牙齒了,
                                                                               
或許是為了減輕體重及降低風阻;但巨鴨卻在下喙邊緣長出齒狀尖突,
                                                                               
在鳥類中十分特別。由於翼展幅度很大,考古學家推測,

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